energy_ctrl.c

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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2012 TUDelft, Tobias Muench
 *
 * This file is part of paparazzi.
 *
 * paparazzi is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
 * any later version.
 *
 * paparazzi is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with paparazzi; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
 * the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
 */
 
#include "firmwares/fixedwing/guidance/energy_ctrl.h"
#include "state.h"
#include "firmwares/fixedwing/nav.h"
#include "generated/airframe.h"
#include "autopilot.h"
#include "modules/core/abi.h"
 
 
/* mode */
uint8_t v_ctl_mode = V_CTL_MODE_MANUAL;
uint8_t v_ctl_climb_mode = V_CTL_CLIMB_MODE_AUTO_THROTTLE;
uint8_t v_ctl_auto_throttle_submode = V_CTL_CLIMB_MODE_AUTO_THROTTLE;
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_sum_err = 0;
 
#ifdef LOITER_TRIM
#error "Energy Controller can not accept Loiter Trim"
#endif
//#ifdef V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_MIN_CRUISE_THROTTLE
//#error
 
 
/* outer loop */
float v_ctl_altitude_setpoint;
float v_ctl_altitude_pre_climb; 
float v_ctl_altitude_pgain;
float v_ctl_airspeed_pgain;
float v_ctl_altitude_error;    
 
float v_ctl_max_climb;
float v_ctl_max_acceleration;
 
/* inner loop */
float v_ctl_climb_setpoint;
 
/* "auto throttle" inner loop parameters */
float v_ctl_desired_acceleration;
 
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_cruise_throttle;
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_throttle;
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_pitch;
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_climb_throttle_increment;
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_pitch_of_vz_pgain;
 
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_of_airspeed_pgain;
float v_ctl_auto_throttle_of_airspeed_igain;
float v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_pgain;
float v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_igain;
float v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_dgain;
 
float v_ctl_energy_total_pgain;
float v_ctl_energy_total_igain;
 
float v_ctl_energy_diff_pgain;
float v_ctl_energy_diff_igain;
 
float v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint; 
float v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint_slew;
float v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled;
 
float v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_setpoint; 
float v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_pgain;
float v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_igain;
float v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_sum_err;
#define V_CTL_AUTO_GROUNDSPEED_MAX_SUM_ERR 100
 
pprz_t v_ctl_throttle_setpoint;
pprz_t v_ctl_throttle_slewed;
float v_ctl_pitch_setpoint;
 
uint8_t v_ctl_speed_mode; //To be compatible with universal flightplan, not used for etecs
 
static struct Int32Vect3 accel_imu_meas;
 
static abi_event accel_ev;
 
#ifndef V_CTL_ALTITUDE_MAX_CLIMB
#define V_CTL_ALTITUDE_MAX_CLIMB 2;
INFO("V_CTL_ALTITUDE_MAX_CLIMB not defined - default is 2 , indicating 2 m/s")
#endif
#ifndef STALL_AIRSPEED
INFO("No STALL_AIRSPEED defined. Using NOMINAL_AIRSPEED")
#define STALL_AIRSPEED NOMINAL_AIRSPEED
#endif
#ifndef V_CTL_GLIDE_RATIO
#define V_CTL_GLIDE_RATIO 8.
INFO("V_CTL_GLIDE_RATIO not defined - default is 8.")
#endif
#ifndef AIRSPEED_SETPOINT_SLEW
#define AIRSPEED_SETPOINT_SLEW 1
#endif
#ifndef V_CTL_MAX_ACCELERATION
#define V_CTL_MAX_ACCELERATION 0.5 //G
#endif
 
#ifndef V_CTL_ENERGY_IMU_ID
#define V_CTL_ENERGY_IMU_ID ABI_BROADCAST
#endif
// Automatically found airplane characteristics
 
float ac_char_climb_pitch = 0.0f;
float ac_char_climb_max = 0.0f;
int ac_char_climb_count = 0;
float ac_char_descend_pitch = 0.0f;
float ac_char_descend_max = 0.0f;
int ac_char_descend_count = 0;
float ac_char_cruise_throttle = 0.0f;
float ac_char_cruise_pitch = 0.0f;
int ac_char_cruise_count = 0;
 
static void ac_char_average(float *last_v, float new_v, int count)
{
  *last_v = (((*last_v) * (((float)count) - 1.0f)) + new_v) / ((float) count);
}
 
static void ac_char_update(float throttle, float pitch, float climb, float accelerate)
{
  if ((accelerate > -0.02) && (accelerate < 0.02)) {
    if (throttle >= 1.0f) {
      ac_char_climb_count++;
      ac_char_average(&ac_char_climb_pitch, pitch * 57.6f,            ac_char_climb_count);
      ac_char_average(&ac_char_climb_max ,  stateGetSpeedEnu_f()->z,  ac_char_climb_count);
    } else if (throttle <= 0.0f) {
      ac_char_descend_count++;
      ac_char_average(&ac_char_descend_pitch, pitch * 57.6f ,           ac_char_descend_count);
      ac_char_average(&ac_char_descend_max ,  stateGetSpeedEnu_f()->z , ac_char_descend_count);
    } else if ((climb > -0.125) && (climb < 0.125)) {
      ac_char_cruise_count++;
      ac_char_average(&ac_char_cruise_throttle , throttle , ac_char_cruise_count);
      ac_char_average(&ac_char_cruise_pitch    , pitch * 57.6f  ,   ac_char_cruise_count);
    }
  }
}
 
static void accel_cb(uint8_t sender_id __attribute__((unused)),
                     uint32_t stamp __attribute__((unused)),
                     struct Int32Vect3 *accel)
{
  accel_imu_meas = *accel;
}
 
void v_ctl_init(void)
{
  /* mode */
  v_ctl_mode = V_CTL_MODE_MANUAL;
  v_ctl_speed_mode = V_CTL_SPEED_THROTTLE; //There is only one, added here to be universal in flightplan for different control modes
 
  /* outer loop */
  v_ctl_altitude_setpoint = 0.;
  v_ctl_altitude_pre_climb = 0.;
  v_ctl_altitude_pgain = V_CTL_ALTITUDE_PGAIN;
 
#ifdef V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_NOMINAL_CRUISE_PITCH
  v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_pitch = V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_NOMINAL_CRUISE_PITCH;
#else
  v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_pitch = 0.;
#endif
 
  v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint = NOMINAL_AIRSPEED;
  v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint_slew = v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint;
  v_ctl_airspeed_pgain = V_CTL_AIRSPEED_PGAIN;
 
  v_ctl_max_acceleration = V_CTL_MAX_ACCELERATION;
 
  /* inner loops */
  v_ctl_climb_setpoint = 0.;
 
  /* "auto throttle" inner loop parameters */
  v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_throttle = V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_NOMINAL_CRUISE_THROTTLE;
  v_ctl_auto_throttle_climb_throttle_increment = V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_CLIMB_THROTTLE_INCREMENT;
  v_ctl_auto_throttle_pitch_of_vz_pgain = V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_PITCH_OF_VZ_PGAIN;
  v_ctl_auto_throttle_of_airspeed_pgain = V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_OF_AIRSPEED_PGAIN;
  v_ctl_auto_throttle_of_airspeed_igain = V_CTL_AUTO_THROTTLE_OF_AIRSPEED_IGAIN;
 
  v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_pgain = V_CTL_AUTO_PITCH_OF_AIRSPEED_PGAIN;
  v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_igain = V_CTL_AUTO_PITCH_OF_AIRSPEED_IGAIN;
  v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_dgain = V_CTL_AUTO_PITCH_OF_AIRSPEED_DGAIN;
 
 
#ifdef V_CTL_ENERGY_TOT_PGAIN
  v_ctl_energy_total_pgain = V_CTL_ENERGY_TOT_PGAIN;
  v_ctl_energy_total_igain = V_CTL_ENERGY_TOT_IGAIN;
  v_ctl_energy_diff_pgain = V_CTL_ENERGY_DIFF_PGAIN;
  v_ctl_energy_diff_igain = V_CTL_ENERGY_DIFF_IGAIN;
#else
  v_ctl_energy_total_pgain = 0.;
  v_ctl_energy_total_igain = 0.;
  v_ctl_energy_diff_pgain = 0.;
  v_ctl_energy_diff_igain = 0.;
#warning "V_CTL_ENERGY_TOT GAINS are not defined and set to 0"
#endif
 
#ifdef V_CTL_ALTITUDE_MAX_CLIMB
  v_ctl_max_climb = V_CTL_ALTITUDE_MAX_CLIMB;
#else
  v_ctl_max_climb = 2;
#warning "V_CTL_ALTITUDE_MAX_CLIMB not defined - default is 2m/s"
#endif
 
#ifdef V_CTL_AUTO_GROUNDSPEED_SETPOINT
  v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_setpoint = V_CTL_AUTO_GROUNDSPEED_SETPOINT;
  v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_pgain = V_CTL_AUTO_GROUNDSPEED_PGAIN;
  v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_igain = V_CTL_AUTO_GROUNDSPEED_IGAIN;
  v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_sum_err = 0.;
#endif
 
  v_ctl_throttle_setpoint = 0;
 
  AbiBindMsgIMU_ACCEL(V_CTL_ENERGY_IMU_ID, &accel_ev, accel_cb);
}
 
static const float dt_attidude = 1.0 / ((float)CONTROL_FREQUENCY);
static const float dt_navigation = 1.0 / ((float)NAVIGATION_FREQUENCY);
 
void v_ctl_altitude_loop(void)
{
  // Airspeed Command Saturation
  if (v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint <= STALL_AIRSPEED * 1.23) { v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint = STALL_AIRSPEED * 1.23; }
 
  // Altitude Controller
  v_ctl_altitude_error = v_ctl_altitude_setpoint - stateGetPositionUtm_f()->alt;
  float sp = v_ctl_altitude_pgain * v_ctl_altitude_error + v_ctl_altitude_pre_climb ;
 
  // Vertical Speed Limiter
  BoundAbs(sp, v_ctl_max_climb);
 
  // Vertical Acceleration Limiter
  float incr = sp - v_ctl_climb_setpoint;
  BoundAbs(incr, 2 * dt_navigation);
  v_ctl_climb_setpoint += incr;
}
 
 
// Running Average Filter
float lp_vdot[5];
 
static float low_pass_vdot(float v);
static float low_pass_vdot(float v)
{
  lp_vdot[4] += (v - lp_vdot[4]) / 3;
  lp_vdot[3] += (lp_vdot[4] - lp_vdot[3]) / 3;
  lp_vdot[2] += (lp_vdot[3] - lp_vdot[2]) / 3;
  lp_vdot[1] += (lp_vdot[2] - lp_vdot[1]) / 3;
  lp_vdot[0] += (lp_vdot[1] - lp_vdot[0]) / 3;
 
  return lp_vdot[0];
}
 
void v_ctl_climb_loop(void)
{
  // Airspeed setpoint rate limiter:
  // AIRSPEED_SETPOINT_SLEW in m/s/s - a change from 15m/s to 18m/s takes 3s with the default value of 1
  float airspeed_incr = v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint - v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint_slew;
  BoundAbs(airspeed_incr, AIRSPEED_SETPOINT_SLEW * dt_attidude);
  v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint_slew += airspeed_incr;
 
#ifdef V_CTL_AUTO_GROUNDSPEED_SETPOINT
// Ground speed control loop (input: groundspeed error, output: airspeed controlled)
  float err_groundspeed = (v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_setpoint - stateGetHorizontalSpeedNorm_f());
  v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_sum_err += err_groundspeed;
  BoundAbs(v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_sum_err, V_CTL_AUTO_GROUNDSPEED_MAX_SUM_ERR);
  v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled = (err_groundspeed + v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_sum_err * v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_igain) *
                                   v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_pgain;
 
  // Do not allow controlled airspeed below the setpoint
  if (v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled < v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint_slew) {
    v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled = v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint_slew;
    // reset integrator of ground speed loop
    v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_sum_err = v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled / (v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_pgain *
                                     v_ctl_auto_groundspeed_igain);
  }
#else
  v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled = v_ctl_auto_airspeed_setpoint_slew;
#endif
 
  // Airspeed outerloop: positive means we need to accelerate
  float speed_error = v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled - stateGetAirspeed_f();
 
  // Speed Controller to PseudoControl: gain 1 -> 5m/s error = 0.5g acceleration
  v_ctl_desired_acceleration = speed_error * v_ctl_airspeed_pgain / 9.81f;
  BoundAbs(v_ctl_desired_acceleration, v_ctl_max_acceleration);
 
  // Actual Acceleration from IMU: attempt to reconstruct the actual kinematic acceleration
#ifndef SITL
  /* convert last imu accel measurement to float */
  struct FloatVect3 accel_meas_body;
  ACCELS_FLOAT_OF_BFP(accel_meas_body, accel_imu_meas);
  float vdot = accel_meas_body.x / 9.81f - sinf(stateGetNedToBodyEulers_f()->theta);
#else
  float vdot = 0;
#endif
 
  // Acceleration Error: positive means UAV needs to accelerate: needs extra energy
  float vdot_err = low_pass_vdot(v_ctl_desired_acceleration - vdot);
 
  // Flight Path Outerloop: positive means needs to climb more: needs extra energy
  float gamma_err  = (v_ctl_climb_setpoint - stateGetSpeedEnu_f()->z) / v_ctl_auto_airspeed_controlled;
 
  // Total Energy Error: positive means energy should be added
  float en_tot_err = gamma_err + vdot_err;
 
  // Energy Distribution Error: positive means energy should go from overspeed to altitude = pitch up
  float en_dis_err = gamma_err - vdot_err;
 
  // Auto Cruise Throttle
  if (autopilot.launch && (v_ctl_mode >= V_CTL_MODE_AUTO_CLIMB)) {
    v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_throttle +=
      v_ctl_auto_throttle_of_airspeed_igain * speed_error * dt_attidude
      + en_tot_err * v_ctl_energy_total_igain * dt_attidude;
    Bound(v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_throttle, 0.0f, 1.0f);
  }
 
  // Total Controller
  float controlled_throttle = v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_throttle
                              + v_ctl_auto_throttle_climb_throttle_increment * v_ctl_climb_setpoint
                              + v_ctl_auto_throttle_of_airspeed_pgain * speed_error
                              + v_ctl_energy_total_pgain * en_tot_err;
 
  if ((controlled_throttle >= 1.0f) || (controlled_throttle <= 0.0f) || (autopilot_throttle_killed() == 1)) {
    // If your energy supply is not sufficient, then neglect the climb requirement
    en_dis_err = -vdot_err;
 
    // adjust climb_setpoint to maintain airspeed in case of an engine failure or an unrestriced climb
    if (v_ctl_climb_setpoint > 0) { v_ctl_climb_setpoint += - 30. * dt_attidude; }
    if (v_ctl_climb_setpoint < 0) { v_ctl_climb_setpoint +=   30. * dt_attidude; }
  }
 
 
  /* pitch pre-command */
  if (autopilot.launch && (v_ctl_mode >= V_CTL_MODE_AUTO_CLIMB)) {
    v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_pitch +=  v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_igain * (-speed_error) * dt_attidude
        + v_ctl_energy_diff_igain * en_dis_err * dt_attidude;
    Bound(v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_pitch, H_CTL_PITCH_MIN_SETPOINT, H_CTL_PITCH_MAX_SETPOINT);
  }
  float v_ctl_pitch_of_vz =
    + (v_ctl_climb_setpoint /*+ d_err * v_ctl_auto_throttle_pitch_of_vz_dgain*/) * v_ctl_auto_throttle_pitch_of_vz_pgain
    - v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_pgain * speed_error
    + v_ctl_auto_pitch_of_airspeed_dgain * vdot
    + v_ctl_energy_diff_pgain * en_dis_err
    + v_ctl_auto_throttle_nominal_cruise_pitch;
  if (autopilot_throttle_killed()) { v_ctl_pitch_of_vz = v_ctl_pitch_of_vz - 1 / V_CTL_GLIDE_RATIO; }
 
  v_ctl_pitch_setpoint = v_ctl_pitch_of_vz + nav_pitch;
  Bound(v_ctl_pitch_setpoint, H_CTL_PITCH_MIN_SETPOINT, H_CTL_PITCH_MAX_SETPOINT)
 
  ac_char_update(controlled_throttle, v_ctl_pitch_of_vz, v_ctl_climb_setpoint, v_ctl_desired_acceleration);
 
  v_ctl_throttle_setpoint = TRIM_UPPRZ(controlled_throttle * MAX_PPRZ);
}
 
 
#ifdef V_CTL_THROTTLE_SLEW_LIMITER
#define V_CTL_THROTTLE_SLEW (1./CONTROL_FREQUENCY/(V_CTL_THROTTLE_SLEW_LIMITER))
#endif
 
#ifndef V_CTL_THROTTLE_SLEW
#define V_CTL_THROTTLE_SLEW 1.
#endif
void v_ctl_throttle_slew(void)
{
  pprz_t diff_throttle = v_ctl_throttle_setpoint - v_ctl_throttle_slewed;
  BoundAbs(diff_throttle, TRIM_PPRZ(V_CTL_THROTTLE_SLEW * MAX_PPRZ));
  v_ctl_throttle_slewed += diff_throttle;
}